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JANUARY 1987 NIOSH STUDY CONFIRMED HALF OF THE DEATHS IN  CONFINED SPACES WERE MEBERS OF THE RESCUE PARTY

Sewer entry differs in three vital respects from other permit entries; first, there rarely exists any way to completely isolate the space to be entered; second, because isolation in not complete, the atmosphere may suddenly and unperdictably become lethally hazardous from causes beyond the control of the entrant or employer, and third, experienced sewer workers are especially knowledgable in the entry and work in their permit spaces because of their frequent entries.  Unlike other employments where permit space entry is a rare and exceptional event, sewer workers' usual work environment is a permit space.  Entry into large bore sewers may requiire the use of special equipement.  Such equipement might include such items as atmosphere monitoring devices with automatic audible alarms, escape selfcontained breathing apparatus (ESCBA) with at least 10 minute air supply, and waterproof flashlights, and may also include boats and rafts, radios and rope standoffs for pulling around bends and corners as needed.

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